
Lichens
Just over 1,500 lichen species thrive in Scotland’s clean air, diverse habitats, relatively cool summers and mild winters.
Just over 1,500 lichen species thrive in Scotland’s clean air, diverse habitats, relatively cool summers and mild winters.
Scotland is home to a staggering variety of lichens, some of which are important on a European and even global scale. Lichens arose millions of years ago and are sensitive indicators of air pollution – many will only grow in clean air.
Each type of lichen is a partnership between at least two species, usually a fungus and an alga. The fungus provides a protective home for the alga. In return, the alga produces food for the fungus from sunshine, water and air.
Lichens add amazing colour and texture to Scotland’s surroundings – whether on ancient oaks and high mountain rocks or on mortar in walls and gravestones. They also provide a home to insects and nesting material for birds.
Some lichens smell like fish while others are used to make perfume. Harris Tweed’s characteristic orange colour was traditionally produced using a dye extracted from rock-dwelling lichens.
Lichens grow very slowly – some less than 1mm per year – and can take many years to establish in new locations. This is fine for species that live in remote and undisturbed places, but can be a problem for other species that share their habitats with us.
Some species of lichen are common and widespread. Others are rare and at risk of decline or extinction if we don’t manage our environment properly.
Some of the greatest threats are:
All wild plants are protected species to some degree. A number of lichens that occur in Scotland, from the goblin lights to the golden hair-lichen, have added protection.
Discover how Scotland’s wild plants and fungi are protected.
Read our guidance for planners and developers.
©Laurie Campbell/NatureScot.