National LCA - Introduction and Review Methodology

Published: 2018

Background

Between 1994 and 1999 SNH, in partnership with others, commissioned the national suite of Landscape Character Assessments (LCAs) for Scotland. Most assessment reports covered an individual local authority area. They provided the landscape foundation for natural heritage and planning policymaking and have been used extensively in the development planning system. These documents are now only available as scanned pdfs of the original reports, downloadable from SNH’s website.

The national suite of LCAs is around 20 years old. Since the reports were produced there have been significant advances in digital technology and available data, as well as changes in some development patterns and pressures. The mapping was often difficult to read and/or at different scales. There are places where there were cross-boundary differences between Landscape Character Types (LCTs) in neighbouring study areas. There was also variation in approach and structure between a few LCA studies. Some Local Authorities have undertaken reviews of their LCAs, sometimes as part of capacity or sensitivity studies which subdivided or amended LCTs.

For these reasons, SNH has reviewed Scotland’s LCA studies, at LCT level (i.e. groups of similar mapped units, united by common characteristics), to create a single dataset in a digital version. The revised format is easier to access and mapping is much clearer. This builds on the original LCAs rather than replacing them, as much of the information, including boundaries and descriptions, remains valid.

SNH managed the LCA review, steered by a Core Technical Group comprising representatives from Forestry Commission Scotland, the Cairngorms National Park Authority, Heads of Planning Scotland and SNH. Local Authorities in Scotland and were consulted to check that they are content with any revisions made to the original LCAs. Historic Environment Scotland contributed text on historic and cultural factors.

How did we decide what needed revision?

Reviews of the existing LCA reports were carried out by SNH Landscape Advisors, following commissioned work that checked selected reports. A questionnaire was sent out to members of the Landscape Institute Scotland and Royal Town Planning Institute Scotland to:

  • find out more about how they use the existing documents;
  • establish where they thought that improvements may be required; and
  • see how LCA users would like to access the proposed digital version.

The results from this work, and engagement with the Core Technical Group, established the principles for the Review. These were:

  • presentation at Landscape Character Type level, as most existing LCA reports were based on this and not all included the more specific Landscape Character Area level;
  • use of the OS 1:50000 colour raster or open data as appropriate;
  • have a web-based, searchable database that can be reviewed and added to;
  • have a consistent format for descriptions and background chapters;
  • classify and map as “Urban” settlements with a population of more than approximately 25,000. As with the 1990’s landscape character assessment, townscape analysis is beyond the scope of the 2019 LCA. Accordingly, these urban areas are not individually assessed and they do not have a separate LCT description. Smaller built-up areas can generally be considered as part of the settlement pattern of a wider LCT;
  • omit, at least at present, the “forces for change” and “guidelines” sections, as these are out of date, guidance information on many topics is available elsewhere, and resources are not currently available to refresh these;
  • provide links to relevant, related datasets (e.g. Historic Landuse Assessment, wild land mapping) rather than incorporate this information within the revised LCTs; and
  • include a methodology section (this document), introduction, and a ‘difference map’ to show where changes have been made.

What work has been done to review the original LCAs?

LCT Landscape Character Descriptions and Boundaries

All of the LCT descriptions have been transferred into a standard format, with a location and context paragraph; bullet point list of key characteristics; and the landscape character description text. Where original LCAs included Landscape Character Areas – geographically specific areas which nest within the LCTs – some relevant information in these descriptions has been included in the reformatted LCT descriptions.

As a result of the internal and external consultation process it was agreed that a few LCAs varied sufficiently from the national suite in structure or approach that they needed to be revised in detail. SNH, in collaboration with the relevant planning authorities and with additional funding from Forestry Commission Scotland, appointed landscape consultants to review the following LCAs;

  • Aberdeen City,
  • Aberdeenshire (including Banff and Buchan),
  • Caithness and Sutherland,
  • Loch Lomond and the Trossachs,
  • Moray and Nairn
  • Ross and Cromarty (including part of the Inner Moray Firth), and
  • Skye and Lochalsh

For all of the other LCAs, where extensive revision was not required, LCT information has been transferred to the new format and updated as required. In some areas other stakeholders (such as Local Authorities and Landscape Partnerships) had done subsequent LCAs or other studies based on LCA (such as wind energy and housing capacity/sensitivity studies). These have been assessed and any boundary issues site-checked by at least two SNH Landscape Advisors.

The text and mapping has been amended where necessary. This was then put through two rounds of consultation with Local Authorities and SNH Landscape Advisors. The helpful comments received have been incorporated.

All LCTs have been attributed a national number, from 1 to 389.

LCT naming

As part of the review work, we looked at LCT naming to ensure a nationally consistent approach. The names of some LCTs have therefore changed. This exercise included:

  • removing geological references and place names,
  • consistently attributing glens, straths and valleys (based on OS mapping terminology and consultation),
  • a more consistent approach to labelling hills (approximately <600m) and mountains,
  • more consistent use of highland/lowland references where inappropriate,
  • replacing numbers (eg. Crofting One, Crofting Two, etc.) with a descriptive word,
  • removal of relative terms such as “high”, “inland”, “northern”, etc. where these were not clear,
  • removal of names relating purely to a landcover description, and
  • adding a geographical suffix where there are LCTs of similar character and the same name, such as the “Rugged Massif” that occurs in several LCAs in the Highland Council area. For example “Rugged Massif – Ross and Cromarty” or “Rugged Massif - Skye & Lochalsh”. Where this happens in other areas the name of the original LCA is used as the suffix, such as “Beaches Dunes and Links – Aberdeen” or “Beaches, Dunes and Links – Tayside”.

Photographs and Illustrations

Photographs in the original LCA suite in scanned pdf format were often reproduced poorly and difficult to interpret. In some original LCAs there are no photographs. The review took the opportunity to include photographs for each LCT.

The original LCA suite had a varied approach to illustration, with some providing general LCT sketches, others having multiple sketches to illustrate certain aspects of character or guidelines, and others none. Whilst it is acknowledged that in some cases the illustrations augment and clarify text, original art work will not be included in the new digital database because of its inconsistent coverage. We consider that better digital photography will be a suitable replacement.

Links to related information

The new web page also provides links to relevant documents and datasets which are now available. These include SNH wildness mapping, Historic Landuse Assessment, subsequent capacity studies and planning documents based on LCA, etc.

Background Chapters

The background chapters from the original LCAs (which give a regional overview of geology, hydrology, soils, human settlement, cultural history, etc.) varied greatly in content and detail. In some areas, such as modern development, they also needed updating. There are gaps in some background chapters which are currently being filled.

For all LCAs the background chapter information is being redrafted into a standard format under 4 section headings:

  1. Introduction/Overview.
  2. Physical Influences on the Landscape (such as evolution of the landscape, geology, soils, hydrology, drainage, landform and topography).
  3. Human Influences on the Landscape (including human settlement, land cover elements, vegetation patterns, landscape features and land use).
  4. Cultural Influences and Perception of the Landscape – how the landscape is represented in the arts, remoteness, noise, busyness, tranquillity, etc.

The maps from the original LCA background chapters will not be included in the 2019 LCA. Many of these contain out-of-date information, and / or Local Authority boundaries have changed due to, for instance, the introduction of National Park Authorities. Also, in several places old LCAs have been grouped together in the 2019 LCA, so that the original maps no longer relate to the correct area.

These sections are now available as 22 stand-alone Landscape Evolution and Influences documents.

Searches on the new digital mapping

The reviewed mapping can be searched by place name and LCT name. We may extend this to other criteria in the future if this is found to be too limited.

How the new dataset relates to more detailed LCAs produced by Local Authorities

The LCT level information can be used by Local Authorities and developers as a framework within which to nest more detailed Landscape Character Area characterisation, should this be necessary, for exercises such as Local Landscape Designation Reviews or individual planning applications.

Local Authorities should use the new digital LCA information in their next Local Development Plan (LDP) review cycle. It is appreciated that the timing of publication of the new dataset may not ideally suit all Local Authorities LDP cycles.

Updating the national LCA in the future

The new digital format should enable the LCA to be reviewed on a periodic basis, for example if information is dated. Based on the longevity of the original LCA suite, we provisionally anticipate that this would be done at ten year intervals.

Comments

If you wish to comment on any aspects of this please email lca.